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The Mechanisms Adenovirus Uses to Ensure Life Cycle - 1375 Words

The Mechanisms Adenovirus Uses to Ensure Life Cycle (Research Paper Sample) Content: The Mechanisms Adenovirus Uses to Ensure Life CycleNameAffiliated InstitutionCourse Code/TitleDateInstructors Name The Mechanisms Adenovirus Uses to Ensure Life Cycle Adenovirus has mechanisms that adapt it to surviving in the host cell in order to ensure the progression of its life cycle. The most important mechanisms employed by adenovirus utilize the host cell motor proteins and the cytoskeleton to perpetrate its life cycle. Host cell uptakes adenovirus into the endocytic vesicles through a receptor mediated process, and the virus moves from the endosome (Engelke, Burckhardt, Morf, and Greber, 2011). Several studies suggest that as opposed to organelles or transport vesicles, the adenovirus binds directly to the minus end-directed motor dynein of the microtubules for transport to the nucleus which promotes infection. This assertion that motor proteins, cytoskeleton, and other host cell proteins such as dynein have a role in adenovirus infectivity and ensuring its l ife cycle is the justification for this study (Scherer and Vallee, 2011). The paper discusses the mechanisms by which adenovirus employs the motor proteins and host cell cytoskeleton to ensure its life cycle. The host cell is indispensable for the survival of adenovirus by offering extensive support to the virus from entering the cell by the use of receptors, endocytic pathways and signalling mechanisms, movement into the cytosol by membrane disruption because the adenovirus is non-enveloped but encapsidate an approximately 36kbp double stranded DNA genome, and transported to the nucleus by microtubules made of dynein/dynactin motor complex (Engelke, Burckhardt, Morf, and Greber, 2011). These motor proteins are essential for the life cycle of adenovirus because they enable the virus to move to the host cell nucleus for genome replication. This enables the host cell to play key roles for the virus such as RNA splicing, alteration of chaperone mediated protein which is folding wi th 100k folding factor and viral hexon protein, and antigen presentation by class I major histocompatibility complex (Scherer and Vallee, 2011). This mechanism provides a useful interaction in using adenovirus as a vehicle for gene delivery in therapy or eradicating neoplastic cells. The association between viral and host proteins secure the stability of the virus within the host cell. The mechanism is essential for adenovirus adhesion to cell receptors, and binding to penton base enabling integrins to facilitate the dynamin dependent endocytosis which is responsible for anchoring adenovirus to the cytoskeleton fibres. The internal protein IV, on the other hand, is employed in enabling the virus to escape from endosome into the cytosol where it is uncoated, releases internal proteins for cementing, and sheds virion fibres (Scherer and Vallee, 2011). The virion particle translocates to the nucleaus through cytoskeleton microtubules and motor proteins in a bidirectional mode of transp ort. The adhesion proteins form a nuclear-pore complex that allows the subviral particles to attach to the nuclear envelope and release its viral DNA material into the nucleus for replication. In this mechanism by which subviral particles get to the nuclear pore complex and inject genomic material into the nuclear, adenovirus uses dynein cofactor dynactin existing as a microtubule cytoskeleton dependent transport (Engelke, Burckhardt, Morf, and Greber, 2011). It is, therefore, evident that intact microtubules are indispensable for adenovirus particles to move in bidirectional in the host cell while dynactin promotes long, periphery directed, and fact centre viral motion both of which are essential in viral replication, infection, and perpetuating its life cycle. Recruiting dynein through an evolutionary novel mechanism that uses pH primed hexon for direct binding of adenovirus indicates how the virus uses motor proteins for infection, replication, and continuity of its life cycle (E ngelke, Burckhardt, Morf, and Greber, 2011). This information is vital in understanding the relationship between physiologic cargo and pathogenic recruitment as an evolutionary mechanism of dynein mediated transport of adenovirus to the nuclear in order to ensure its life cycle. Further evidence suggests that microtubules are necessary for the transport of the virus due to the observed linear trajectory movements which are consistent with the arrangement of microtubules. Host cell cytoskeleton and motor proteins are prerequisites for the life cycle of adenovirus because, when nocodazole is used to depolymerize microtubules in host cells infected with adenovirus, the infection reduces because the redistribution and transport of the viral particles to the nuclear for replication is inhibited (Scherer and Vallee, 2011). The closer association between the virus and dynein, as well as the role of host cell microtubule motors in regard to intracellular adenovirus transport, ensures the li fe cycle of the virus. Finally, adenovirus depends on utilising host cell cytoskeleton, and motor proteins in ensuring its life cycle continue as evidenced in this discussion. The cytoplasmic dynein mediated motility of adenovirus utilises motor proteins such as penton base, hexon, fibre, and proteins IIIa, VI, VIII, and IX, which support viral endosomal escape, binding of the naked capsid adenovirus to dynein, dismantling the virus, and delivering viral DNA material into the host cell nuclear for replication aimed at producing viruses (Engelke, Burckhardt, Morf, and Greber, 2011). These proteins are sensitive to the cytosolic pH resulting in changes, in the hexon and adenovirus capsid which are pH dependent biochemical characteristics. The replication and life cycle of adenovirus are affected by changes in the intracellular pH which is a crucial observation in confirming the fundamental role played by motor proteins and host cell cytoskeleton in ensuring the life cycle of adenoviru s. This is further supported by the findings identifying the interaction between the cytoplasmic dynein subunit and hexon, involvement of regulators specific to cytoplasmic dynein...

Reddit Professor Essay Writer - Finding A Responsible Reddit Posting

Reddit Professor Essay Writer - Finding A Responsible Reddit PostingIf you are looking for a reddit professor essay writer, there are some things that you should know. The author of the assignments is supposed to be an established member of a subreddit. So it is in your best interest to find out before hand if this is indeed the case.It is possible to find a reddit professor essay writer. These days, many colleges and universities use professor essays as the basis for curriculum and research papers. The most common form of the course of action is for the professor to write the essay and then post it to the school's website. If you choose this method, you will need to search around for one that will work for you.There are many of these subreddits on a college or university's website. This means that anyone who is looking for a professor essay writer is likely to come across these forums. Of course, there will be many who are looking for someone to help them with their own essay. The f orums are the ideal place to find a writer. In addition, most of the major search engines have these threads listed for easy access.After finding a good thread to start with, the next step is to find a high quality professor essay writer. You do not want to just hop into a forum and ask. What you want to do is to search the thread to see what other students are looking for. Once you find a teacher that fits your needs, contact them directly.Try to find a writer who has specific skills and expertise that will fit your needs. The professor essay is an important part of your education and it is vital that the person who writes it has the experience that you need. You do not want a lowly bum teaching you the finer points of English.Keep in mind that some of the best teacher essay writers are able to provide more than just a written assignment. It can also mean the ability to edit your work and even get it graded. It is in your best interest to keep this in mind. There is no way you are going to get a good grade unless the author of the assignment can make certain that the document is a good one.You should try to find a subreddit for the assigned assignment writer. If you are able to find a good one, all you need to do is join it and then start searching for the most qualified teacher essay writer. Some students like to take this route and find a teacher and actually hire them as a professional writer.The key is to find a reddit professor essay writer that meets your needs. This means that you have to do a little homework. Make sure that you visit the forum frequently so that you can be sure that the writer you choose is in fact one that is qualified to write the assignment.