'The Special Economic Zone Act of 1995: How Special Is It?\r'

'Cabatos 1 Lawdemhar T. Cabatos Ms. Louyzza Maria Victoria H. Vasquez English 10 21 troop 2013 The superfluous stinting Z 1 movement of 1995: How picky(a) Is It? Approved on February 24, 1995, the limited sparing geographical zone execution of 1995, the â€Å"act providing for the legal manikin and mechanisms for the world, operation, administration, and coordination of modified sparing zones in the Filipinos, creating for this purpose, the Philippine stinting order Authority (PEZA), and for some other purposes,” took effect on the very day President Fidel Valdez Ramos imprinted his signature on the bill (â€Å"nation coiffe no 7916).It is the judicature? s decl atomic offspring 18d policy to materialize pass on policies and provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Section 20, term II of the 1987 Constitution states, â€Å"The State recognizes the indispensable role of the snobbish sector, encourages private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments” and Section 12 of Article XII decl bes that â€Å"The State shall lift the preferential mathematical function of Filipino labor, national materials and locally produced goods, and adopt measures that armed service make them belligerent,” (â€Å"The 1987 Constitution of the nation of the Philippines”). By impartiality of commonwealth mould No. 916, the Philippine regimen hopes to fulfill the mandates of its constitution. Before we deal on how picky Republic cause No. 7916 really is, what ar spargon economicalal zones (SEZs)? Defined in Republic Act No. 7916, Special Economic regularizes (SEZs) or ECOZONES argon â€Å"selected studys with exceedingly developed or which corroborate the potential to be Cabatos 2 developed into agro-industrial, industrial, tourist/ recreational, commercial, banking, investment and financial centers. An ECOZONE may contain any or all of the following: industrial estates (IEs), tradeation pro cessing zones (EPZs), free foxiness zones, and tourist/recreational centers. The law defines an industrial estate (IE) as â€Å"a tract of land subdivided and developed according to a comprehensive plan under a structured continuous management and with provisions for basic understructure and utilities, with or without pre-built ensample factory buildings and community facilities for the office of the community of industries. ” An export processing zone (EPZ) is â€Å"a fussyized industrial estate fit(p) physically and/or administratively out of doors customs territory, predominantly oriented to export production. A free wad zone is â€Å"an isolated policed area adjacent to a port of entry (as a seaport) and/or aerodrome where imported goods may be unloaded for fast transshipment or stored, repacked, sorted, mixed, or otherwise manipulated without being report to import duties” (â€Å"Republic Act No. 7916”). For years, industrialisation has been c entered in key cities †the depicted object nifty Region for Luzon, Cebu for Visayas and Davao and Cagayan de Oro for Mindanao †leaving other surface areas trailing cigarette the Philippine industrialization scheme.Thus, redundant economic zones, as stated in the objectives of the law, are created to promote campestral industrialization by transforming selected areas in the country into bluely developed industrial, commercial and financial centers thereby promoting melt of both orthogonal and local investors and generating craft opportunities for the area? s labor extract and ultimately musical accompaniment the government? s effort to reduce unemployment (â€Å"Republic Act No. 7916”). Economic zones are besides thought to promote balanced growth by providing concerns e fussyly to outlandish areas.Employment generation by circumscribed economic zones, in theory, bridges the poverty bedspread among kind classes and balances the regional income inequ ality among regions (Clarete and Veron). Cabatos 3 To promote the shine of local and foreign investors into exceptional economic zones, the law provides e surplus(a) incentives to enterprises located in particular economic zones, including exemptions from taxes under the National Internal tax Code. The law states that no taxes, local or national, shall be imposed on business enterprises operating inside the ECOZONES.Instead, five percent (5%) of the gross income within the ECOZONE shall be remitted to the national government. Incentives are also given to enterprises located in export processing zones (EPZs) and free trade zones. Special permits for the importation of capital equipment and au naturel(p) materials that are not subject to duties, taxes and other import restrictions are given to these businesses (â€Å"Republic Act No. 7916”). by dint of with(predicate) giving prospective investors tax incentives, the government aims to sway in foreign investors and urge local investors to be businesses in excess economic zones.Prior to the establishment of special economic zones in the Philippines, other Asiatic countries curb already created special economic zones with the goal of attracting foreign designate investment, easing extensive unemployment, supporting a wider economic improvement policy, and as experimental laboratories and running play economies for the application of new policies and approaches (Farole and Akinci). Studies shake been conducted in youthful years to look into the cost-to-benefit ratio and economic and brotherly impacts of policies enacted for the creation of special economic zones in these countries.In China, for example, the triad Plenum of the 11th Congress of the Chinese Communist political party adopted the Open Door Policy in 1978 and in 1980, four municipalities in two provinces were designated as special economic zones, opening China to international contact and influences. Almost immediately, the f our special economic zones accounted for 59. 8% of the match Foreign Direct enthronement (FDI) in China. Since then, the SEZs continued to result in high rates of Cabatos 4 economic growth in China (Yeung, Lee and Kee). abbreviation on the economic statistics of Chinese municipalities from 1978 to 2007 showed how special economic zones benefit the economy of China. Special economic zones incr solace per capita municipal foreign direct investment by 58% in foreign-invested and export-oriented industrial enterprises. Further analysis on the statistics also showed that the special economic zones increased municipal foreign possess capital stock while keeping the domestic capital and investment at a competitive level.Special economic zones also bring more(prenominal) ripe(p) technology and increased total factor productiveness by 0. 6% (Wang). patronage the economic benefits special economic zones live with brought to China, several cases pick out sullen up showing unsuccessful implementation of special economic zones in several countries. Quite a number of zones get to become „white elephants? , zones that resulted in an industry taking advantage of tax breaks and incentives nevertheless are unable to generate substantial employment or export returns (Farole and Akinci).Similar to the SEZs, Industrial nurture Zones (IDZs) fork out been naturalized in southwestward Africa. However, unlike the stupefying performance of special economic zones in other countries which transformed their economies into tiger economies, IDZs in South Africa have failed to sufficiently attract foreign investments or grapple internationally (Altbeker, McKeown and Bernstein). In India, the designation of special economic zones has generated and constantly increased employment in regions where special economic zones are establish. Figures may seem large, exclusively when employment enerated by special economic zones in India is analyzed on a national level, special e conomic zones in India accounted for scarcely less than one percent (1%) of the total manufacturing employment since their establishment in 1966 (Aggarwal). Cabatos 5 In the Philippines, special economic zones have already been established even before the Special Economic Zone Act of 1995 became a law. It was in 1923 that the Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines graduation conceptualized the creation of export processing zones or special economic zones.By 1967 the first export processing zone, the Bataan exporting bear upon Zone (BEPZ) was established by virtue of Presidential economy No. 66 of then-President Ferdinand Marcos. Since then, several others have been established including two of the country? s major special economic zones †the Clark Special Economic Zone and the Subic call for Freeport Zone (Mallari and Padilla). The Special Economic Zone Act of 1995 was the government? s response to the call of awkward industrialization of the 1993-1998 Medium Term Philip pine suppuration Plan.In pursuit for the aim of dispersing the industrialization scheme outside the National Capital Region, the government developed special economic zones through its Philippines 2000 program (Mallari and Padilla). With the SEZs? goal of promoting the flow of investments and generation of employment, studies have been conducted focusing on three of the major special economic zones in the country, the Bataan Export Processing Zone (BEPZ), the Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) and the Subic bay tree Freeport Zone, to look into the benefits and drawbacks of creating these special economic zones to Philippine economy and society.Looking into the working conditions of the Bataan Export Processing Zone, thought results have shown that majority of the labor get out was calm of fe manly workers, accounting for seventy-four percent (74%) of the total work force, 67% of which are young or are 24 years old and below. Moreover, workers have been engraft to be well-educate d relative to the job they have been hired for in the Bataan Export Processing Zone. threescore percent (60%) had finished high school grooming and 16% pursued a post-secondary education (Mallari and Padilla). Cabatos 6 Significant difference in the wage of male and female workers was lso observed. Female workers were given a impose basic wage relative to that of male workers. Furthermore, ternary of the employees were paid below the minimum wage for the Bataan region. Despite the uneven and insufficient wages of workers, laborers sill work half dozen days per week. A quarter of the labor force worked for 60 hours and 5% worked for more than 70 hours per week, where 46% worked overtime. The study reported that the working hours of workers per week in the Bataan Export Processing Zone were greater than the standard working hours of 8 hours per day and 48 hours per week (Mallari and Padilla).In conclusion, the Bataan Export Processing Zone was observed to have failed in creating sufficient opportunities of employment for the labor force in Mariveles, Bataan because of the limited capacity of enterprises to absorb the ever-increasing yield of labor in the area. The BEPZ, despite being momently able to generate adequate employment opportunities, has not catalyzed the growth of other economic activities in the region (Mallari and Padilla). The Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) and the Subic speak Freeport Zone were created by virtue of Republic Act No. 227, otherwise known as the Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992. The act aimed to convert Clark and Subic U. S. military bases, in concert with their extensions and substations, into productive civilian and economic use of lands through the establishment of special economic zones (â€Å"Republic Act No. 7227). Similar to the performance of the Bataan Export Processing Zone, the Clark Special Economic Zone, despite having been able to infinitely expand employment opportunities in Pampanga and incr eased the set of exports, has not proven to have generated substantial employment.The thousands of job opportunities provided for the labor supply in Pampanga is not probative in proportion with total employment of Pampanga (Mallari and Padilla). Cabatos 7 A study on the decisive factors in establishing enterprises in Subic concludes that investors opt to create businesses in Subic because of competitively-priced raw materials and the abundance of skilled and literate labor force (Go and Tatad). Add the incentives given to these enterprises and you get a multi-million buck business enterprise booming in earnings while compromising the benefits and quality of their labor force.How special then is the Special Economic Zone Act of 1995 and its SEZs? We recall that the goal for the enactment of this law and the creation of special economic zones is to take the Philippine industrialization scheme outside of Metro Manila, promote rural industrialization and the spur of economic activi ty in less urbanized regions, generate employment and ease the regional income inequality and the poverty gap among social classes. However, there seems to be a mishap, not on the law but on the implementation of the law.In policy, special economic zones promote balanced growth by spreading the industrialization in rural regions and SEZs are indisputably effective in promoting foreign and local investments in areas where they are located. Although SEZs have been established outside the National Capital Region, it is evident that a large number of these SEZs, especially the largest and most dynamic ones have been established in areas proximate to NCR and still leaving basis Visayas and Mindanao in the economic progress of Luzon.There have been improvements in the national regional income inequality but are largely due to changes in inequality between top ranking regions in Luzon (Clarete and Veron). Just how special is it then? Cabatos 8 China and other Asian countries have done it. Why haven? t we? Is it because of the law? No. It is because of the poor system that we have, a system driven by money and dye by corruption. And unless we start the change to a cleaner, more efficient and a better system, „special? would only be in the name of Republic Act No. 7916, not on Philippine society. Cabatos 9 Works Cited Aggarwal, Aradhna. Impact of Special Economic Zones on Employment, Poverty and Human Development. ” Working Paper. Indian Council for Reserch on International Economic Relations. May 2007. Web. 15 show 2013 Alejandro, Ethel P. and Roselie B. Tubeo. Clark Special Economic Zone: An Assessment of cost and Benefits. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman †direct of Economics, October 1998. Print. Altbeker, Antony, Katie McKeown and Ann Bernstein. â€Å"Special Economic Zones: Lessons for South Africa from international evidence and local. ” Centre for Development and initiative Round Table.Johannesburg, South Africa: T he Centre for Development and Enterprise, June 2012. Web. 15 exhibit 2013 Anderson, Eric Moltzau. Economic Implications of Clark and Subic. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman †work of Economics, family line 1996. Print. Beltran, Barbara and Ma. Lumen B. Isleta. The Establishment of Industrial Estates in the Philippines: an doubt into the Impact of Bataan Export Processing Zone on the Philippine Economy. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman †School of Economics, 18 March 1981. Print. Clarete, Kenneth Jordan M. nd Alvin F. Veron. Economic Zones and the Regional Income Inequality in the Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman School of Economics, April 2009. Print. Cabatos 10 Farole, Thomas and Gokhan Akinci. Special Economic Zones: Progress, Emerging Challenges and Future Directions. Washington DC: The World Bank. 2011. Web. 16 March 2013 Go, Marie Fleurdeliz Uy and Maria Raissa Cantero Tatad. A Case Study on Foreign investing in Philippine Special Economic Zones: The Analysis of the Factors Significant to Foreign Firms Investing in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone.Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman †School of Economics, March 1995. Print. Inciong, Leslie M. and Ma. Joy Kathleen U. Rabago. An valuation of the Economic Performance of Two Hybrid Ecozones: Subic Bay Freeport and Calabarzon Growth Network. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman †School of Economics, 16 October 1998. Print. Mallari, Christine Mae G. and bloody shame Prudence H. Padilla. Employment Generation and Working reason at Clark Special Economic Zone. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman †School of Economics, 2000. Print. â€Å"Republic Act No. 7227. ” 13 March 1992.Philippine Bases Conversion and Development Authority. 20 March 2013. Web. 20 March 2013 â€Å"Republic Act No. 7916. ” 24 February 1995. Official Gazette. Web. 11 March 2013. â€Å"The 1987 Cons titution of the Republic of the Philippines . ” 11 February 1987. Official Gazette. Web. 11 March 2013 Cabatos 11 Wang, Jin. â€Å"The Economic Impact of Special Economic Zones: express from Chinese Municipalities. ” Job Market Paper. London School of Economics. November 2009. Web. 13 March 2013 Yeung, Yue-man, Joanna Lee and Gordon Kee. Chinas Special Economic Zones at 30. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. 2009. Web. 19 March 2013.\r\n'