Service Industry vs Manufacturing Industry in the UK

The market in which organisations find themselves is continu any(a)y changing. On the other hand, contend and investments are growing quickly and everywheretaking the institution yield and on that point is increasing integration of the beingness saving. Multilateralism is constantly threatening and regionalism is stronger in Europe, Asia and America than ever before. This continuous structural change in world economies indicates the variations in the relative size of each do of import which can be seen in terms of changes in widening, exercise and productivity. ECONOMY STRUCTURESEconomies can be divided into three categories Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. The primary economy includes all activities related to the extraction of natural resources e. g. mining, farming etc. The secondary economy includes activities related to the production of goods and treat of materials which have manu positionuring as its study component. It in any case includes the construction aren a and utilities sector. The tertiary sector includes both the clubby and public serves such financial manufacture, health, defence and other services related sectors. http//tutor2u. net/ condescension/gcse/external_environment_economic_sectors. tm accessed on 31st November 2009. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN BRITAIN Industry is defined as a sort out of firms producing similar products with boundary of an sedulousness determined by a gap in the chain of substitutes. tout ensemble sectors of the economy can be referred to as an sedulousness but emphasis lay with the secondary sector which is widely regarded as the manufacturing sector. Roger Cox (2009) Concerns have been embossed over the competitiveness and continued declension of Britains manufacturing base. This de-industrialisation has continually raised questions whether it can seriously damage the countrys wealth.The concerns just about manufacturing have been reflected in trends in various statistical indicators especiall y the exchange away from manufacturing towards services, the productivity gap between Britain and its major international competitors. Malcolm Sawyer (2009) clearly stated that the value of manufacturing output in Britain has continued to rise lento in the last half century, but the share of manufacturing in the total output is what has disapproved not the haughty amount. DE-INDUSTRIALISATION IN BRITAIN The trade balance in manufactured goods moved into deficit in 1983 for the initial period since the Industrial revolution of the early 90s.This could be attributed to the gradual movement of the economy from manufacturing to more service-oriented economies. This pay off is not unique to Britain alone, over the period 1970 to 1990, the share of manufacturing in the national output declined in all major industrial nations temporary hookup that of services increased. By 1990, the share of manufacturing in the GDP among major economies had declined with Britain plan of attack si xth behind Japan, Germany, USA, and France. photographic print C. & Corri F. (1998) De-industrialisation can be viewed in a number of ways ?The decline in fight, in both absolute and relative terms. The decline in the share of national output contributed by the sector. ?The decline in the countrys share of world manufacturing output or exports. ?The harm due to poor export performance or increased import penetration to generate commensurate export to finance a full employment level of imports. Office for National Statistics ONS figures for the last seat of 2008 shows a decline of 10. 4% miserableer than the figures from the previous year with output decreasing in 12 out of 13 sub-sectors. Significant decreases were recorded in the metal industries, transport industries and in machinery and equipments industries 11. 4%, 10. % and 9. 8% respectively. http//www. fundstrategy. co. uk/news/british-manufacturing-slumps/182454. article accessed 25th of November 2009. In Britain, the hark back in the demand for labour is associated with a decrease in output until 1987 and probably a rise in the wage level relative to the scathe of other factors. The decline in manufacturing employment means that its share of total employment has also declined over that period of time with employment in the service industry sector growing at a faster rate. A emersion rate of over 7% was recorded in the 1980s in the service sector with manufacturing falling by over 20%.Shares of world trade in manufactures and deindustrialisation. (%) 195019601970197919901991 France9. 99. 68. 710. 59. 710 Germany7. 319. 319. 820. 920. 220 Japan3. 46. 911. 713. 715. 917 UK25. 516. 510. 89. 18. 69 USA27. 321. 618. 616. 016. 018 Office for National Statistics (1991), Monthly review of External Trade statistics. London Manufacturings problems began with the misguided tactual sensation that Britain should become a post-industrial economy that we would focus on services and the creation of ideas, w ith other nations taking on the less attractive task of making the finished product.The results speak for themselves. Manufacturing now generates just 13% of GDP, compared with 32% in 1970. John Rose, http//web. ebscohost. com/ehost/ expatiate? vid=3&hid=11&emailprotected&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=bth&AN=35824528 accessed on 22 November 2009. In the period 1980 to 2000, the manufacturing base in Britain was on a steady decline. Government argued that the reducing component part made by the manufacturing towards GDP will be made up for by the service industry but further researches shows that the assumption was misjudged.Figures show deficits on goods moving from +? 1. 3 zillion to -? 30. 4 billion creating a ? 31. 7 billion deficit not covered by the service industry. This Industrial decline was accelerated by increased contender from cheaper imports and the outsourcing to low cost economies which saw a free fall in different high profile companies closing down, downs izing or relocating to low cost economies. http//web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? vid=3&hid=11&emailprotected&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=bth&AN=35457939 accessed on 26th November 2009.John S & Mark S (2004) clearly states that the deindustrialisation in Britain has not being extend toing the whole of the manufacturing sector, certain sectors mainly instruments and electrical engineering industries has witnessed a tremendous rise in production and they are among the fastest growing in the economy but industries like the metal industries have witnessed a substantial decline in their productivity. EMPLOYMENT FIGURES at bottom THE INDUSTRIES This sector underwent a significant growth in the early 80s in the EU during the post industrial phase of economic development.The doubts about manufacturing sector have been shown in various indicators with the shift to more service-oriented sector taking prominence. It has been argued that the decline in Britains manufacturing sector should not be a cause for concern but rather the offset of expansion of other sectors of the economy especially the servicing industry. The service sector witnessed a rapid increase in employment with the financial sector gaining rapidly on the manufacturing sector. In 1971, the workforce in the manufacturing industry has shrunk by approximately 4 zillion with the service industry recording a growth of around 3. million. By 1994, while about 46 million spate where engaged in the manufacturing sector, about 55 million and 28 million people where employed in the private and public services sector respectively representing about 64% of the total employment figure within the EU. Andrew Taylor of financial times brooded that over a century beginning from the first production in 1907 to 2007, the manufacturing sector employment figures has fallen from 7 million to 3 million while women not account to 23% compared to the 25% at the onset.The mining sector used to account for about th ree-quarters of the employment with figures about 837,000 but now employs around 10,000 accounting for just around 1% of the employment figures. The aerospace industry, a section of the service industry which was non-existent at the beginning of the century now employs about 100,000. Mark C. & Corri F. (1998) http//web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdf? vid=5&hid=9&emailprotected accessed 1st December 2009. religious service SECTOR GROWTH IN BRITAIN In the post industrialisation era in EU, economies including the UK witness a boom in the service sector with significant growth in the financial services sector and the aerospace industries. Between 1979 and 1993, there was a rise from 7 to 13 percentages in service sector employment rate. In more recent surveys, the services industry crossways banking to airliners has shown growth rates in February that represent a five month high, as companies have raised their prices.This is a positive sign that suggests that the predicted slowdown as espo used by the Bank of England has yet to materialize. The Chartered demonstrate of Purchasing and Supply revealed that index prices are up by 1. 5 percent since September 2007 whilst the report also indicated that the economy has maintained its current momentum. http//www. investmentmarkets. co. uk/20080305-1705. html accessed on 23rd of November, 2009. The measurement of service industry depends on the way it is defined, either value or volume wise. Outsourcing has been a major component in promoting service sector.Manufacturing companies outsources most of its functions like finances, design and other little services to focus on its hollow competencies and all this in turn increases activities within the service industry and the employment figures reducing its manufacturing counterpart in correspondence. The rise of services is due also to changing economies within the EU, limited competitiveness of traditional industrial production. Financial Times. (2009) AEROSPACE INDUSTRY IN B RITAIN The UK aerospace industry (UKAI) remains one of the most successful sectors of UK manufacturing.In 2003, the UKAI accounted for 0. 6 percent of UK gross value added (GVA) and four percent of value added by the UKs manufacturing industry as a whole. The UKAI is also one of the UKs major export sectors, generating a trade surplus of just over ? 2. 5 billion in 2003, compared with manufacturing overall, which had a trade deficit. The UKAI provides direct and indirect employment in the UK for around 255,000 people. Although productivity levels in the UKAI are generally high than the UK average, they Remain disappointing when compared to the industrys main international competitors.However, there are signs that UKAI productivity growth is beginning to outpace these competitors. There are also evidences to suggest that there will be a further challenge for The UKAI as competition from acclivitous economies is growing. The growth of the United Kingdom aerospace industry illustrate s the changing trends in globalisation, industrialisation and service obstetrical delivery. From a more or less non-existent sector around a century ago, the UKAI has grown so much in the last twenty years and captured about 10% of the world market in aerospace and accounted for just over 4% of UK anufactured output and at one time contributed just over ? 5. 5 billion to UK gross value added (GVA)1 in 2002. In 2003, the UKAI directly employed just fewer than 122,000 people, 0. 4% of total UK employment and 3% of total manufacturing employment. An additional 150,000 people have been estimated to be indirectly employed by the industry.UKAI productivity was ? 54,000 per head in 2001, 50% higher than the UK average and 35 percent higher than for manufacturing as a whole. http//www. publications. parliament. uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmtrdind/151/151. df accessed 27th November 2009. ANALYSIS OF THE MANUFACTURING AND SERVICE SECTORS A steady growth rate has been recorded in the service industry while the section to the overall GDP from the manufacturing industry has witnessed a steady decline in the last few decades. This has been healthy documented from various researches carried out but a serious questions still arises from the performance of the service sector and its long term sustainability and effect on the economy.David Liston asked what will the services industry be servicing if there is no hardware? The first priority should be to stop treating manufacturing as a relic of the industrial revolution. High-value-added manufacturing brings huge benefits. It penetrates the economy of the entire country, not just London and the south-east. It pays well but avoids bewildering distortions of income. It drives and enables a abundant range of skills and stimulates the growth of services. In short, it creates wealth. Curmen P et. al (1997) The UK manufacturing sector continues to decline and the subsequent loss of exports has not been replaced by revenue from the service sector as the government had originally thought.At the same time, the ownership of UK companies by foreigners is increasing and UK companies are continuing to relocate some of their labour intensive operations to low cost economies. The cost of compensating employees who are made redundant when a company in the UK closes is one of the lowest in the European Union. So for multi-national companies with surplus capacity, the UK factories may be selected for closure. There is also a tendency for companies to consolidate research and development in their home country with the consequence that it is lost from the UK.This decline in manufacturing was triggered by some factors ?Changes in manufacturing and materials technology and consumption patterns which affected a lot of steel, coal ship-building and power contemporaries industries. ?Obsolete and redundant plants and inadequate investment and financial assistance to replace them. ?Diverse and intense competition from low wage nations and newly industrialised economies. ?Resistance to change at all levels of production from management to trade unions. Adverse effect of Government policies both fiscal and monetary on industries. Particularly in high interest rates and fluctuating exchange rates. With David Listons question in mind and the fact that service industry has not been able to replace manufacturing industries effectively producing a cushioning effect for the fall asleep in its GDP contribution slump which is evident by the facts below ?The interdependence on manufacturing industry as shown in the case of the aerospace, further reduction in manufacturing output will adversely affect services output also. Technical progress in manufacturing offers greater prospects of high-wage jobs able to raise standards compared to part-time low wage in the services industry. ?For each 1% decline in export of Britains manufacture, an redundant of 2. 5% rise in export in required in services to complement the e ffect. somewhat policies which cut across all concerned parties from Government to private market solutions have been formulated to support halt the decline in manufacturing. Some of which include ? Britains macroeconomic and industrial policy meliorate management in the industrial sector ?A reform of Britains institutions ?Greater accumulation of both human and physical capital ?Improved innovation to accommodate mechanisation http//web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdf? vid=5&hid=9&emailprotected accessed on 1st of December 2009. CONCLUSION Divergent analysis from various stakeholders shows the variable effect of manufacturing and service delivery on the national income of Britain. A steady decline in manufacturing was evident and it coincided with the boom